如果講電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)(dian)感三大元(yuan)件(jian)是(shi)我們最常見(jian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)的(de)話,而二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)則是(shi)我們見(jian)到最多的(de)半(ban)導體電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)什么說二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)不同于電(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)(dian)感而被(bei)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)半(ban)導體電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)那?這是(shi)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)利用半(ban)導體材料根據其電(dian)(dian)荷有P極(ji)流向N極(ji)的(de)特性(xing)而制成的(de),故被(bei)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)半(ban)導體電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)。比它功能(neng)更強大的(de)三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)、MOS管(guan)(guan)等元(yuan)件(jian)也是(shi)半(ban)導體電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)。
二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)有兩(liang)個(ge)管(guan)(guan)腳,一個(ge)是(shi)(shi)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一個(ge)是(shi)(shi)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),它最大的(de)特(te)性(xing)是(shi)(shi)單向(xiang)(xiang)導電性(xing),既電荷(he)只能(neng)由正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)流向(xiang)(xiang)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)參數有額定電流、額定電壓(ya)、結電壓(ya)等,選用(yong)時應根據實際(ji)要(yao)(yao)求加(jia)以(yi)甄別(bie)選用(yong)。二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)種類(lei)很多(duo)功能(neng)各異,常(chang)見的(de)有整流二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan),穩壓(ya)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan),發(fa)光(guang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)等。
整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是用(yong)來將AC變(bian)為(wei)(wei)DC的(de)(de)(de),在(zai)(zai)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)當中(zhong)根(gen)據所(suo)用(yong)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)分為(wei)(wei):采用(yong)單(dan)只(zhi)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)半(ban)波(bo)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電路(lu)(lu)(lu);利(li)用(yong)變(bian)壓器抽(chou)頭加兩只(zhi)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)全波(bo)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電路(lu)(lu)(lu);以及(ji)利(li)用(yong)四(si)只(zhi)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)構(gou)成的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)式(shi)(shi)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)。三相(xiang)(xiang)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)分為(wei)(wei)半(ban)波(bo)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)三相(xiang)(xiang)全橋(qiao)式(shi)(shi)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)。這些(xie)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)知識在(zai)(zai)一般電子技術教材當中(zhong)均有(you)(you)講(jiang)解,詳情(qing)請參考相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)資(zi)料。我(wo)(wo)們在(zai)(zai)工作當中(zhong)常見整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)應用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)地方有(you)(you)各(ge)種(zhong)電子設備(bei)初級整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)側,真空(kong)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)接(jie)觸器吸合線(xian)圈前(qian)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電路(lu)(lu)(lu)等。我(wo)(wo)們常見的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)黑色塑封的(de)(de)(de)1.5A的(de)(de)(de)1N4700--1N4707系列(lie)。整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)一般在(zai)(zai)其表(biao)面(mian)用(yong)一圈銀環來指示負極(ji)(ji)(ji)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)。
穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)對直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值有一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要(yao)求的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路當(dang)(dang)中(zhong)。穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)是利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)反(fan)向擊穿特(te)性而制作(zuo)的(de)元(yuan)件(jian),其(qi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路當(dang)(dang)中(zhong)最應該注意的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)點既(ji)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)要(yao)反(fan)向使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),也(ye)就是要(yao)將(jiang)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)正極(ji)(ji)(ji),其(qi)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)負極(ji)(ji)(ji),這一(yi)(yi)(yi)點要(yao)牢記。常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)有1N4728--1N4769系列,其(qi)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍3.3v--100v。但(dan)由(you)于穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值不(bu)大(da),故(gu)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較小的(de)線(xian)路當(dang)(dang)中(zhong)。此外利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)特(te)性在(zai)有關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子線(xian)路當(dang)(dang)中(zhong),它還(huan)被賦予(yu)限(xian)幅、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比較的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。
發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)是我們在工(gong)(gong)作指示和日常(chang)照明(ming)當中(zhong)常(chang)接(jie)觸到(dao)的(de)元件(jian)(jian),我們一般采(cai)用(yong)其英(ying)文縮寫LED來(lai)代指它。由于現在大(da)功率發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)不斷涌現,原有普亮、超亮、甚亮的(de)分類方法已很難適(shi)用(yong)。發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)工(gong)(gong)作電(dian)壓(ya)一般為2.5--4.5v左右,在高于其工(gong)(gong)作電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)要串(chuan)入合適(shi)的(de)降壓(ya)電(dian)阻才能保障(zhang)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)正常(chang)工(gong)(gong)作。發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)級管(guan)(guan)(guan)同(tong)樣是有極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)的(de)元件(jian)(jian),一般帽式發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)腳較長的(de)一端為正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),大(da)功率片狀發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)一般都會在元件(jian)(jian)焊接(jie)處給予極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)符號標示的(de),使用(yong)或更換時要注意(yi)。
此外二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)家族當中還有檢波二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)、開關二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)、激光(guang)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)、變容二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)等許(xu)多種(zhong)類的(de)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)。大家在使用和檢修時應仔(zi)細閱(yue)讀其參數說明書。總(zong)之(zhi),認識和掌(zhang)握二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)這種(zhong)最基礎(chu)的(de)半導體元(yuan)件,是我們學習(xi)電子知識的(de)必經之(zhi)路。
