如果講電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感三(san)大元(yuan)件(jian)是我們最常見的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)件(jian)的(de)話,而二(er)極(ji)管(guan)則是我們見到最多的(de)半(ban)(ban)導(dao)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)件(jian)。為什么說二(er)極(ji)管(guan)不同于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感而被稱為半(ban)(ban)導(dao)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)件(jian)那?這是因為二(er)極(ji)管(guan)是利用半(ban)(ban)導(dao)體材料根據其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷有P極(ji)流向N極(ji)的(de)特性而制成(cheng)的(de),故被稱為半(ban)(ban)導(dao)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)件(jian)。比它功能(neng)更強(qiang)大的(de)三(san)極(ji)管(guan)、MOS管(guan)等元(yuan)件(jian)也是半(ban)(ban)導(dao)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)件(jian)。
二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)有兩個(ge)管(guan)(guan)腳,一(yi)個(ge)是(shi)正極(ji)一(yi)個(ge)是(shi)負極(ji),它最大的特性是(shi)單向(xiang)(xiang)導電性,既電荷只能(neng)由正極(ji)流向(xiang)(xiang)負極(ji)。二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)主(zhu)要(yao)的參數(shu)有額(e)定電流、額(e)定電壓、結(jie)電壓等,選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)時應根據實際要(yao)求(qiu)加以甄別選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)。二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)種(zhong)類很(hen)多功能(neng)各異,常(chang)見的有整流二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan),穩壓二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan),發光二(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)等。
整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)是用(yong)(yong)來(lai)將(jiang)AC變為DC的(de)(de)(de)(de),在(zai)(zai)單(dan)相整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)當中(zhong)根(gen)據所用(yong)(yong)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量分為:采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)只(zhi)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)半波整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu);利用(yong)(yong)變壓器抽(chou)頭加兩只(zhi)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全波整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu);以(yi)及利用(yong)(yong)四只(zhi)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)構(gou)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橋式整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。三(san)相整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)分為半波整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和三(san)相全橋式整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)知識(shi)在(zai)(zai)一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術教材當中(zhong)均有(you)講解,詳情請參考相關(guan)資料(liao)。我(wo)(wo)們在(zai)(zai)工作(zuo)當中(zhong)常見整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方有(you)各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)初級整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)側,真空(kong)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)接觸器吸合線圈(quan)前面的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等。我(wo)(wo)們常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)多為黑色塑封的(de)(de)(de)(de)1.5A的(de)(de)(de)(de)1N4700--1N4707系列。整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)管(guan)一般在(zai)(zai)其(qi)表面用(yong)(yong)一圈(quan)銀環來(lai)指示負極(ji)所在(zai)(zai)。
穩壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)常用(yong)(yong)在對(dui)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值有(you)一定要(yao)求的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)當中。穩壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)反向擊(ji)穿特性而(er)制作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)元件,其在電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)當中最應(ying)該注意的(de)(de)一點既穩壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)要(yao)反向使用(yong)(yong),也(ye)就(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)將穩壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji)(ji),其正極(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)負極(ji)(ji)(ji),這(zhe)一點要(yao)牢記。常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)穩壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)有(you)1N4728--1N4769系列(lie),其穩壓(ya)范(fan)圍3.3v--100v。但由于穩壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流值不大,故常用(yong)(yong)在工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)線路(lu)(lu)當中。此外利用(yong)(yong)穩壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)穩壓(ya)特性在有(you)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)子線路(lu)(lu)當中,它還被賦(fu)予限幅、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)采用(yong)(yong)比較(jiao)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。
發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)是(shi)我(wo)們在(zai)工作指示和(he)日常照(zhao)明(ming)當中(zhong)常接觸到的(de)(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian),我(wo)們一(yi)(yi)般(ban)采用其(qi)英文縮寫LED來代指它。由于現(xian)在(zai)大(da)功(gong)率發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷涌現(xian),原有普亮、超亮、甚亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)分類方法已很難適用。發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)為(wei)2.5--4.5v左右,在(zai)高于其(qi)工作電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)要(yao)串入合(he)適的(de)(de)(de)(de)降壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)才能保障發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常工作。發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)級(ji)管(guan)同樣是(shi)有極(ji)(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian),一(yi)(yi)般(ban)帽式發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)管(guan)腳較長的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)端為(wei)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji),大(da)功(gong)率片狀發(fa)(fa)光(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都會在(zai)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)焊接處給予極(ji)(ji)(ji)性符號標(biao)示的(de)(de)(de)(de),使用或更換時要(yao)注(zhu)意。
此外二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)家族當中還有檢波二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、開關二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、激光二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、變容(rong)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)等許多種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)。大家在使用和檢修時應仔細閱讀其參(can)數說明(ming)書。總之,認識和掌(zhang)握二(er)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)這種(zhong)最基礎(chu)的(de)半導(dao)體元件,是我們學習電子知識的(de)必經之路。
